S. #	Parameters	Test Method
1	Alkalinity (m.mol/l as CaCO₃)	2320, Standard method (1992)
2	Arsenic (mg/l)	Merck Test Kit (10-500 mg/l) 1.17926.0001, Germany
3	Bicarbonate	2320, Standard method (1992)
4	Calcium (mg/l)	3500-Ca-D, Standard Method (1992)
5	Carbonate (mg/l)	2320, Standard method (1992)
6	Chloride (mg/l)	Titration (Silver Nitrate), Standard Method (1992)
7	Chlorine (mg/l)	HACH Test Kit, Model CEC, Cat. No. 22231, USA
8	Chromium (mg/l)	1,5-Diphenylcarbohydrazide Method (Hach-8023) by Spectrophotometer
9	Conductivity (mS/cm)	E.C meter, Hach-44600-00, USA
10	Fluoride (mg/l)	8029, SPADNS Method (Hach) by Spectrophotometer
11	Hardness (mg/l)	EDTA Titration, Standard Method (1992)
12	Iron (mg/l)	TPTZ Method (Hach-8112) by Spectrophotometer
13	Lead (mg/l)	Dithizone Method (HACH-8033) by Spectrophotometer
14	Magnesium (mg/l)	2340-C, Standard Method (1992)
15	Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/l)	Cd. Reduction (Hach-8171) by Spectrophotometer
16	Nitrite Nitrogen (mg/l)	Diazotization (Hach-8507) by Spectrophotometer
17	pH at 25^oC	pH Meter, Hanna Instrument Model 8519, Italy
18	Phosphate & P (mg/l)	Method (Hach) 8190 & 8048

19	Potassium (mg/l)	Flame photometer PFP7, UK
20	Sodium (mg/l)		Flame photometer PFP7, UK
21	Sulfate (mg/l)		SulfaVer4 (Hach-8051) by Spectrophotometer
22	TotalColiform (MPN/100ml)		407D, Standard method (1971)
23	TDS (mg/l)		2540C, Standard method (1992)
24	Turbidity (NTU)		Turbidity Meter, Lamotte, Model 2008, USA

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Quality control measures

Quality control measures were started from the filed. Standard sampling methods were adopted to collect the samples. Four types of samples were collected for monitoring purpose where as three kinds of samples were collected for quality control. The detail of these samples is as under:

Maximum Holding time (MHTs) for common water quality determain parameters

fast & respective

6-48 h

7-28 days

6 months

Temprature
DO(by electrode)
CO₂,I₂, O₃
CL₂,ClO₂^-
Salinity
pH

BOD 6h
Odor 6h
DO 8 h
Turbidity 24h
CN^-,Cr⁶⁺ 24h
Color 48h
PO₄ ^3- ,NO₃^- 48h
Alkalinity/Acid. 24h
Chlorophyll 24-48h

16. NH₃.TKN 7d

17. COD,TOC 7d

18. solids 7d

19.Pesticides 7d

20. Conductance 28days

21.T.Phosphate 28 days

SO4^2-,S ^2-,F^- 28 days

Metals

Hardness

Samples for Monitoring Purposes

a) Samples for microbiological examination in sterile bottle.

b) Samples for the analysis of trace elements by addition of HNO₃ as preservative.

c) Samples for the analysis of Nitrate (N) by addition of boric acid as preservative.

d) Samples without preservative for the analysis of EC, pH, Hardness, Ca, Mg, Na, K and HCO₃ etc.

============

==============

Why Should You Measure the TDS level in your Water?
The EPA Secondary Regulations advise a maximum contamination level (MCL) of 500mg/liter (500 parts per million (ppm)) for TDS. Numerous water supplies exceed this level. When TDS levels exceed 1000mg/L it is generally considered unfit for human consumption. A high level of TDS is an indicator of potential concerns, and warrants further investigation. Most often, high levels of TDS are caused by the presence of potassium, chlorides and sodium. These ions have little or no short-term effects, but toxic ions (lead arsenic, cadmium, nitrate and others) may also be dissolved in the water.

============================

How to Measure Dissolved Oxygen

Sampling stations and depths should be selected according to whether or not you are trying to measure these differences or notWhen collecting stream DO samples at several stations for comparison, it is important to select stations with similar flow conditions.

Collecting Samples - Copyright by Sandra Noel

------------------======Azide-winkler method - ===----------------

Fill a 300-mL glass stoppered BOD bottle
Immediately add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the collection bottle
Add 2 mL of alkali-iodide-azide reagent
Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the sample.
In a glass flask, titrate 201 mL of the sample with sodium thiosulfate to a pale straw color.
Add 2 mL of starch solution so a blue color forms.
Continue slowly titrating until the sample turns clear.
The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the sample is equivalent to the number of milliliters of titrant used. Each milliliter of sodium thiosulfate added in steps 6 and 8 equals 1 mg/L dissolved oxygen

Dissolved Oxygen Method - Copyright by Sandra Noel

Measuring pH Accurately

======

A CONVENTIONAL METHOD FOR MEASURING
THE pH OF A SOLUTION

· Allow the meter to warm up.

· Open the filling hole; be certain filling solution is nearly to the top. (Refillable electrodes only.)

· If the meter has a "standby” mode, use it when the electrodes are not immersed. Use the "pH" mode to read the pH of a sample or standard.

· Calibrate the system each day or before use:

Adjust the meter temperature setting to room temperature, or use an ATC probe.

Obtain two standard buffers: pH of 7.00 at room temperature and an acidic standard if the sample is acidic and a basic standard if the sample is basic.

Rinse the electrodes with distilled water and blot dry. Do not wipe the electrodes as this may create a static charge leading to an erroneous reading.

Immerse the electrodes pH 7.00 calibration buffer. Be certain that the junction is immersed and that the level of sample is below the level of the filling solution. Disengage the standby mode (if present) or follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Allow the reading to stabilize.

Adjust the meter to read 7.00. Go to the standby mode (if present).

Remove the electrodes, rinse with distilled water, and blot dry. Alternatively, rinse the electrodes with the next solution and do not dry.

Place the electrodes in the second standardization buffer, set the meter to read pH, and allow the reading to stabilize. Adjust the meter to the pH of the second buffer with the proper method of adjustment. Remove, rinse, and blot the electrodes.

With an older pH meter, recheck the pH 7.00 buffer as in step d and readjust as necessary. Recheck the second buffer and readjust the meter as necessary. Readjust as needed up to three times. If the readings are not within 0.05 pH units of what they should be after three adjustments, the electrode probably needs cleaning

TWO-POINT CALIBRATION OF A pH METER.

************************************************************

Optional: It is possible to perform quality control checks at this point.

a. Linearity Check. To check the linearity of the measuring system, take the reading of a third calibration buffer. For example, if the meter was calibrated with pH 7.00 and pH 10.00 buffers, check a pH 4.00 calibration buffer. Immerse the electrodes in the third buffer, allow the reading to stabilize, and record the value. Do not adjust the meter to this third calibration buffer; the purpose of this third buffer is to check the system’s linearity. If the reading is not within the proper range, as defined by the laboratory’s quality control procedures, the electrodes require maintenance.

b. A second quality control check is to test the pH of a control buffer whose pH is known and that has a pH close to the pH of the sample. It is common to set the maximum allowable error of the control buffer to be ± 0.10 pH units. Do not adjust the meter to the pH of the control buffer; the purpose of this buffer is to check the accuracy of the system. If the pH reading of the control buffer is not within the required tolerance, the electrodes require maintenance.

=======

Image:Glass-microreactor

Lab-on-a-chip made of glass, developed at Micronit Microfluidics

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a term for devices that integrate (multiple) laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico liters. Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of MEMS devices and often indicated by "Micro Total Analysis Systems" (µTAS) as well. Microfluidics is a broader term that describes also mechanical flow control devices like pumps and valves or sensors like flowmeters and viscometers. However, strictly regarded "Lab-on-a-Chip" indicates generally the scaling of single or multiple lab processes down to chip-format, whereas "µTAS" is dedicated to the integration of the total sequence of lab processes to perform chemical analysis. The term "Lab-on-a-Chip" was introduced later on when it turned out that µTAS technologies were more widely applicable than only for analysis purposes

Industrial and academic sectors, including: all areas of chemistry; pharmaceuticals; medicine; analytical science; synthesis; biotechnology; BioMEMS; physics; material science; bioengineering and electronics

graphical abstract image (ID: b715540a )

Incorporation of well controlled temperature gradients into a microreactor provides a powerful route to separate the nucleation and growth during the synthesis of quantum dots, resulting in good size uniformity of the formed products.

application areas

Microfluidic structures include on one hand micropneumatic systems, i.e. microsystems for the handling of off-chip fluids (liquid pumps, gas valves, etc), and on the other hands microfluidic structures for the on-chip handling of nano- and picolitre volumes. The commercially most successful application today is the inkjet printhead.Advances in microfluidics technology are revolutionizing molecular biology procedures for enzymatic analysis (e.g., glucose and lactate assays), DNA analysis (e.g., polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing), and proteomics. The basic idea of microfluidic biochips is to integrate assay operations such as detection, as well as sample pre-treatment and sample preparation on one chip. An emerging application area for biochips is clinical pathology, especially the immediate point-of-care diagnosis of diseases. In addition, microfluidics-based devices, capable of continuous sampling and real-time testing of air/water samples for biochemical toxins and other dangerous pathogens, can serve as an always-on "bio-smoke alarm" for early warning.

Silicone rubber and glass microfluidic devices. Top: a photograph of the devices. Bottom: DIC micrographs of an undulating channel ~15 μm wide.

Glass-coated microchannels

February 2008

Scientists in the US have developed a simple method of coating the channels of microfluidic devices to make them more resistant to chemicals.

David Weitz and colleagues from Harvard University, Cambridge, used a sol-gel method to create a glass coating on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels. PDMS, a type of silicone rubber, is easy to make into microfluidic devices using soft lithography, where the material is 'stamped' with a channel pattern. This makes it ideal for large-scale use.

However, PDMS is not a robust material. It is permeable to liquids and gases, which can affect reactions occurring in the channels. Additionally, organic solvents make the PDMS channels swell, degrading device performance. Glass, on the other hand, is a far more chemically robust material but is much more difficult to make into microfluidic devices.

The glass coating developed by Weitz's group is easily deposited on PDMS channels and acts as a barrier, providing resistance to chemicals and solvents. Weitz said that this method of coating would make device production easier as it 'combines the chemical robustness of glass with the ease of fabrication of PDMS'.

"They filled the channels with the mixture, initiated a gelation reaction and then used air to flush out most of the material, leaving a glass coating on the channels"

To form the coating, Weitz's group used a sol-gel mixture that begins as a fluid and hardens into a glass. They filled the channels with the mixture, initiated a gelation reaction and then used air to flush out most of the material, leaving a glass coating on the channels.

The scientists discovered that the coated channels were resistant to the fluorescent chemical Rhodamine B. After an hour of exposure to the organic solvent toluene the channels changed very little. By contrast, uncoated channels swelled upon exposure to toluene.

Stephen Haswell, who develops microfluidic devices at the University of Hull, UK, said that although there would be issues with performing reactions at high temperatures, the work represented a step towards merging the advantages of PDMS and glass. 'Lack of chemical resistance is a big problem, and it will be something of a breakthrough to extend the fabrication benefits of PDMS to give more glass-type robustness,' he said.

Weitz's group are working on refining the technique so that the thickness of the coating can be more finely controlled. 'We are also developing extensions to the method which take advantage of the glass coating,' he said.

Fay Riordan

Link to journal article

Glass coating for PDMS microfluidic channels by sol–gel methods
Adam R. Abate, Daeyeon Lee, Thao Do, Christian Holtze and David A. Weitz, Lab Chip, 2008
DOI: 10.1039/b800001h

Also of interest

Rapid reactions using microfluidic devices

A glass microchip has been used for the first time to carry out fast carbonylative cross-coupling reactions of arylhalides to form secondary amides.

Microfluidic devices with heart

Japanese researchers have harnessed the pumping power of heart cells to make better microfluidic devices.

where is the shop of this kind of glass,?do you know

---------------------===----------------------

familiar instrumental

ICP)(1)

Inductively coupled plasma

There are two types of ICP geometries: planar and cylindrical. In planar geometry, the electrode is a coil of flat metal wound like a spiral. In cylindrical geometry, it is like a helical spring.

When a time-varying electric current is passed through the coil, it creates a time varying magnetic field around it, which in turn induces azimuthal electric currents in the rarefied gas, leading to break down and formation of a plasma. Argon is one example of a commonly used rarefied gas.

Plasma temperatures can range between 6 000 K and 10 000 K, comparable to the surface of the sun.

ICP discharges are of relatively high electron density, on the order of 10¹⁵ cm^-3.

As a result, ICP discharges have wide applications where a high density plasma is necessary.

Another benefit of ICP discharges is that they are relatively free of contamination because the electrodes are completely outside the reaction chamber. In a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP), in contrast, the electrodes are often placed inside the reactor and are thus exposed to the plasma and subsequent reactive chemical species.

Applications

ICP-AES, a type of atomic emission spectrometry

ICP-MS, a type of mass spectrometry
.
ICP-RIE, a type of reactive ion etching.

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), is a type of emission spectroscopy that uses a plasma (e.g. inductively coupled plasma) to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength characteristic of a particular element.^[1]^[2] The intensity of this emission is indicative of the concentration of the element within the sample.

Applications

Examples of the application of ICP-AES include the determination of metals in wine,^[3] arsenic in food,^[4] and trace elements bound to proteins.^[5

ICP-MS Instrument
Acronym	ICP-MS
Classification	Mass spectrometry
Analytes	Inorganic compounds Organometallics

-----------------------======================--------------------------------------

Radioactive pollution

Radioactive pollution can be defined as the release of radioactive substances or high-energy particles into the air, water, or earth as a result of human activity, either by accident or by design. The sources of such waste include: 1) nuclear weapon testing or detonation; 2) the nuclear fuel cycle, including the mining, separation, and production of nuclear materials for use in nuclear power plants or nuclear bombs; 3) accidental release of radioactive material from nuclear power plants. Sometimes natural sources of radioactivity, such as radon gas emitted from beneath the ground, are considered pollutants when they become a threat to human health.

Since even a small amount of radiation exposure can have serious (and cumulative) biological consequences, and since many radioactive wastes remain toxic for centuries, radioactive pollution is a serious environmental concern even though natural sources of radioactivity far exceed artificial ones at present.

======================================================

Iranian Scientist in radio polutions

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I am so busy so i have littel time to think about my probelems and involved it

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3112 B. Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method
1. General Discussion This method is applicable to the determination of mercury.
2. Apparatus hen possible, dedicate glassware for use in Hg analysis. Avoid using glassware previously xposed to high levels of Hg, such as those used in COD, TKN, or Cl– analysis. . Atomic absorption spectrometer and associated equipment: See Section 3111A.6. nstruments and accessories specifically designed for measurement of mercury by the cold vapor technique are available commercially and may be substituted. b. Absorption cell, a glass or plastic tube approximately 2.5 cm in diameter. An 11.4-cm-long ube has been found satisfactory but a 15-cm-long tube is preferred. Grind tube ends erpendicular to the longitudinal axis and cement quartz windows in place. Attach gas inlet andoutlet ports (6.4 mm diam) 1.3 cm from each end. . Cell support: Strap cell to the flat nitrous-oxide burner head or other suitable support and lign in light beam to give maximum transmittance.
d. Air pumps: Use any peristaltic pump with electronic speed control capable of delivering 2 air/min. Any other regulated compressed air system or air cylinder also is satisfactory. . Flowmeter, capable of measuring an air flow of 2 L/min.
f. Aeration tubing, a straight glass frit having a coarse porosity for use in reaction flask. g. Reaction flask, 250-mL erlenmeyer flask or a BOD bottle, fitted with a rubber stopper to hold aeration tube. . Drying tube, 150-mm × 18-mm-diam, containing 20 g Mg (ClO4)2. A 60-W light bulb ith a suitable shade may be substituted to prevent condensation of moisture inside the bsorption cell. Position bulb to maintain cell temperature at 10°C above ambient. . Connecting tubing, glass tubing to pass mercury vapor from reaction flask to absorption ell and to interconnect all other components. Clear vinyl plastic*#(79) tubing may be ubstituted for glass.
3. Reagents†#(80) . Metal-free water: See Section 3111B.3c.
b. Stock mercury solution: Dissolve 0.1354 g mercuric chloride, HgCl2, in about 70 mL water, add 1 mL conc HNO3, and dilute to 100 mL with water; 1.00 mL = 1.00 mg Hg. . Standard mercury solutions: Prepare a series of standard mercury solutions containing 0 to μg/L by appropriate dilution of stock mercury solution with water containing 10 mL concHNO3/L. Prepare standards daily. . Nitric acid, HNO3, conc.
e. Potassium permanganate solution: Dissolve 50 g KMnO4 in water and dilute to 1 L. f. Potassium persulfate solution: Dissolve 50 g K2S2O8 in water and dilute to 1 L.
g. Sodium chloride-hydroxylamine sulfate solution: Dissolve 120 g NaCl and 120 g
(NH2OH)2⋅H2SO4 in water and dilute to 1 L. A 10% hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution may e substituted for the hydroxylamine sulfate. . Stannous ion (Sn2+) solution: Use either stannous chloride, ¶ 1), or stannous sulfate, ¶ 2), o prepare this solution containing about 7.0 g Sn2+/100 mL. 1) Dissolve 10 g SnCl2 in water containing 20 mL conc HCl and dilute to 100 mL.
2) Dissolve 11 g SnSO4 in water containing 7 mL conc H2SO4 and dilute to 100 mL.
Both solutions decompose with aging. If a suspension forms, stir reagent continuously during use. Reagent volume is sufficient to process about 20 samples; adjust volumes prepared toaccommodate number of samples processed.
i. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, conc. . Procedure . Instrument operation: See Section 3111B.4b. Set wavelength to 253.7 nm. Install bsorption cell and align in light path to give maximum transmission. Connect associated quipment to absorption cell with glass or vinyl plastic tubing as indicated in Figure 3112:1. urn on air and adjust flow rate to 2 L/min. Allow air to flow continuously. Alternatively, follow anufacturer’s directions for operation. NOTE: Fluorescent lighting may increase baseline noise.
b. Standardization: Transfer 100 mL of each of the 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 μg/L Hg standard solutions and a blank of 100 mL water to 250-mL erlenmeyer reaction flasks. Add 5 mL conc 2SO4 and 2.5 mL conc HNO3 to each flask. Add 15 mL KMnO4 solution to each flask and let tand at least 15 min. Add 8 mL K2S2O8 solution to each flask and heat for 2 h in a water bath at 5°C. Cool to room temperature. Treating each flask individually, add enough NaCl-hydroxylamine solution to reduce excess MnO4, then add 5 mL SnCl2 or SnSO4 solution and immediately attach flask to aeration apparatus. As Hg is volatilized and carried into the absorption cell, absorbance will increase to a aximum within a few seconds. As soon as recorder returns approximately to the base line, emove stopper holding the frit from reaction flask, and replace with a flask containing water. lush system for a few seconds and run the next standard in the same manner. Construct a
standard curve by plotting peak height versus micrograms Hg.
c. Analysis of samples: Transfer 100 mL sample or portion diluted to 100 mL containing not more than 5.0 μg Hg/L to a reaction flask. Treat as in ¶ 4b. Seawaters, brines, and effluents highin chlorides require as much as an additional 25 mL KMnO4 solution. During oxidation step, hlorides are converted to free chlorine, which absorbs at 253 nm. Remove all free chlorine efore the Hg is reduced and swept into the cell by using an excess (25 mL) of hydroxylamine eagent.
Remove free chlorine by sparging sample gently with air or nitrogen after adding
hydroxylamine reducing solution. Use a separate tube and frit to avoid carryover of residual stannous chloride, which could cause reduction and loss of mercury.
5. Calculation etermine peak height of sample from recorder chart and read mercury value from standard urve prepared according to ¶ 4b.
6. Precision and Bias ata on interlaboratory precision and bias for this method are given in Table 3112:I

1. Refference : KOPP, J.F., M.C. LONGBOTTOM & L.B. LOBRING. 1972. ‘‘Cold vapor’’ method for
determining mercury. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 64:20..

Compendium of Pesticide Common Names

Classified Lists of Pesticides

Acaricides	Algicides	Antifeedants
Avicides	Bactericides	Bird repellents
Chemosterilants	Fungicides	Herbicide safeners
Herbicides	Insect attractants	Insect repellents
Insecticides	Mammal repellents	Mating disrupters
Molluscicides	Nematicides	Plant activators
Plant growth regulators	Rodenticides	Synergists
Virucides	Miscellaneous	Chemical classes

These classified lists of pesticides include all of the compounds in the Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, of which there are more than 1500.

Each major group of pesticides (e.g. herbicides or plant growth regulators) is subdivided into chemical or other classes (e.g. chloroacetanilide herbicides or auxins).

Pesticide or herbicide polymer complexes for forming aqueous dispersions

This is a invention and it relates to pesticides and herbicides which form complexes with a polymer for storage and handling as a solid, the pesticides and herbicides instantly dispersable into a stable emulsion when added to water.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various pesticides and herbicides are available in liquid form such as various members of the chloroacetanilide family including metolachlor, acetochlor, pretilachlor, dimethachlor, alachlor and butachlor, which exist as oily liquids or low melting solids at ambient conditions. Such materials are usually formulated and applied in combination with various organic solvents